Don’t Wing It: Get the Facts on H5N1 Avian Influenza

Recently, H5N1 avian influenza, also known as bird flu, has become a subject of interest and is being discussed increasingly in the media. Why? Because this virus has had a devastating impact on bird populations worldwide and there is growing concern about its risk to humans and its potential to cause a pandemic. In this blog post, we’ll explore some of the most common questions about avian influenza, using insights and guidance from trusted sources arm you with the facts around this topic.

What is bird flu, and is it a concern for public health?

Bird flu, also known as Avian Influenza, is a highly infectious respiratory disease in birds caused by Influenza A viruses, with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (HPAI) or H5N1 being one of the many subtypes and currently the most prevalent and concerning due to its potential impact on both avian and human populations. Since 2022, there has been a rise in reported cases of outbreaks globally, in both commercial poultry and backyard bird populations.¹ The current public health risk is low; however, the situation is being carefully monitored due to the virus’ ability to mutate, and the potential for it to become more infectious to humans and give rise to another pandemic.¹

Has H5N1 avian influenza spread to other mammals, including humans?

Yes! The H5N1 subtype of avian influenza has spilled over to and caused deadly outbreaks among both land and sea mammals (wild and domestic), including field mice, cats, and dairy cows.^2,3 This is worrisome because many of these mammals have frequent contact with humans and may increase the risk of exposure and infection to people. Human cases of H5N1 have occurred but are rare.¹ The CDC believes the current risk of bird flu to the general public is low and there is no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission.¹

How does H5N1 bird flu infect humans and what are the symptoms?

Most human infections of virus have occurred through close, prolonged, and unprotected direct contact with infected birds, their droppings, or contaminated environments.¹ Human symptoms of H5N1 can range from asymptomatic to mild to severe respiratory issues, including congestion, cough, fever, fatigue, conjunctivitis (eye redness), and pneumonia.¹ Early detection and treatment are critical for managing the infection.

What is the current state of avian influenza in the United States?

The United States is experiencing outbreaks of H5N1 in poultry and dairy cows with several recent human cases in dairy and poultry workers. To date, there have been 15 total human cases of H5N1 this year, surpassing case counts of the previous 10 years combined.¹ All cases had mild illnesses and fully recovered without hospitalization.⁴ The CDC remains vigilant and is keeping a close eye on the situation, conducting surveillance of bird flu activity and working with states to monitor people with animal exposures and provide vaccination for farm worker this fall.¹

What preventive measures can be taken against bird flu?

Key preventive measures include avoiding contact with sick or infected birds, practicing good hand hygiene, and not consuming raw or undercooked poultry and its products. Likewise, refrain from handling or ingesting raw milk or dairy items.¹ Personal protective equipment should be used when in contact with infected or potentially infected animals and surfaces that might be contaminated with the virus. While a regular seasonal flu shot doesn’t guard against H5N1 avian influenza, it’s still advisable, since it can lessen the impact and spread of seasonal flu, thereby also lowering the chance of coinfection with bird flu.¹

Can cleaning and disinfection prevent the spread of avian influenza on surfaces and objects?

Effective cleaning and disinfection are critical in preventing the spread of avian influenza. Using EPA-registered disinfectants, following the manufacturer’s instructions, and ensuring proper contact time are key steps.¹ It’s also important to focus on disinfecting high-touch areas and to use personal protective equipment during the cleaning process. Some products have claims against H5N1, but not all, so it’s essential to verify the efficacy of the products used. Given that the H5N1 product label claim exists, the EPA’s Emerging Viral Pathogen (EVP) guidance is currently not applicable for this pathogen.

Understanding H5N1 avian influenza is crucial for preventing its spread and protecting public health. By staying informed about the virus, its transmission, and effective prevention and mitigation strategies, we can better prepare to protect against and respond to outbreaks. For more information about H5N1 Avian Influenza and for a list of products for use against the virus, check out our pathogen education sheet.